About Me

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No Fixed Abode, Home Counties, United Kingdom
I’m a 60-year-old Aspergic gardening CAD-Monkey. Sardonic, cynical and with the political leanings of a social reformer, I’m also a toy and model figure collector, particularly interested in the history of plastics and plastic toys. Other interests are history, current affairs, modern art, and architecture, gardening and natural history. I love plain chocolate, fireworks and trees, but I don’t hug them, I do hug kittens. I hate ignorance, when it can be avoided, so I hate the 'educational' establishment and pity the millions they’ve failed with teaching-to-test and rote 'learning' and I hate the short-sighted stupidity of the entire ruling/industrial elite, with their planet destroying fascism and added “buy-one-get-one-free”. Likewise, I also have no time for fools and little time for the false crap we're all supposed to pretend we haven't noticed, or the games we're supposed to play. I will 'bite the hand that feeds', to remind it why it feeds.
Showing posts with label 25mm. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 25mm. Show all posts

Friday, August 14, 2026

L is for Louche Lucite Layabouts!

We seem to often arrive at Lik Be during Rack Toy Month, and while I tried to resist poking the Northern cow-pat of competitiveness this year, reader Keith Harrison mentioned he had all the missing clear-plastic 'Vitrine' LB robots, of which we saw the other three of, here;
 
 
And he kindly sent some fantastic images of them to the blog; 
 
Family Photo!
 
Base marking - clear as mud, as usual!
 
Wotan's favourite; 'Wotan'!
 
'Rocket Robin', with a partial 'Lobster', whose paint has mostly worn off, but I suspect these may have been decorated with spirit-based art markers, or something equally susceptible to rubbing and fading?
 
Keith also sent this and the next two images, these look like they might be from the same batch/source/origin as the 'eraser' set I got a while back now, as a trio;
 
 
But here as a full sextet, and with 'Traffic Cop' being in a semi-transparent dayglo green, rather confirming my suspicion back then, that they are some kind of silicon, not really an eraser rubber, but rather a smudging rubber! However, sold as Dragon Master Fantasy Figures, not erasers like my sample, by what looks to be Tiarri Management Sevices?
 
We've seen these Moon Platoon chaps before, and they were both poor shots, here we can see they are carried by Imperial Toys, (updates to those posts by the time I post this) who, although a US importer, seem to have got a lot of their stuff into the UK, but whether by design, or some back-of-the-warehouse accident I don't know, maybe a buyer's tie-in with one of our novelty importers, like WHC/Success? However, not necessarily this set, just other Imperial stuff.
 
While these are the 'Tesco Finest' version of the sucker 'bots with the - as yet - unascribed mark which may be ATS, AST. STA or SAT, but probably isn't T-anything! I've seen these before, occasionally, so they do seem to have been a 'thing' compared to the commoner ones with airgun blasted blobs of colour, so someone obviously stipulated a better level of paint on their contract? The point here being, it's rare to find them this clean and paint-complete.
 
Many thanks to Keith for all the above, and it got me deep-diving into the image banks to see what was waiting for next-time, which is this time now, or what I could add from the archive;
 
So sticking with the robots first, and this image was sent to another Blog, upon request, many years ago, and got lost in a lack of tagging, or got deleted, it doesn't matter, there's no meaningful relationship with the strange little men over there, now! I suspect the falling-out is more about Bwreakshit than Blogs!
 
We have, in the intervening years, seen all the gaps filled, and then some, but as a guide, it's a new image here at Small Scale World, and from the top shows;
  • 54mm hard polystyrene, chrome-type finish
  • 25mm hard polystyrene, chrome-type finish
  • 54mm hard polystyrene, brushed-aluminium finish
  • 25mm soft polyethylene, gunmetal plastic (as supplied to Culpitt and HG)
  • 54mm sucker types (marked with a crude HONG KONG)

Here's a gum-ball capsule-machine window card, with 'Stern Gang' as what looks like a pencil top (bottom right), in the same flexible silicon as the sucker chaps. Note also, the cracker-toy motorcycle, the troll, the other robot and a bisque Wade Whimsy knock-off, among other things . . . the mini abacus!

While this looks like the 25mm, polyethylene, gunmetal plastic ones, as Spaceimens! Also supplied to Culpitt and HG Toys, so we have them as play-set accessories, cake decorations and gum-ball prizes! We only need to find them in Christmas crackers for the full "House"!

Which brings us to the Astro-Spacemen* element of that/those original donation post/s, with the same treatment, we have;
  • 54mm hard polystyrene, gunmetal plastic, painted both sides
  • 54mm & 25mm soft polyethylene, gunmetal plastic, painted one side
  • 54mm soft polyethylene, various colours, painted both sides
  • 54mm soft polyethylene, white plastic painted one side (as supplied to Clifford)
* I have mentioned on several occasions I have trouble pigeonholing these, as they are armed (spacemen), but wearing NASA kit (astronauts)!
 
  • 54mm & 25mm soft polyethylene, various colours, unpainted
  • 54mm Nylon or a propylene, and 25mm (as supplied to MPCPipin and Tri-Ang), all finished in silver or gold chrome-effects, which can be removed with a five-second dip in TFR or oven cleaner.
  • 25mm hard polystyrene, painted matt-white. 
The previous two lots, all being LB (for Lik Be) production, while this last lot is mostly clones/copies/piracies, with the LB additional poses for the MPCPipin and Tri-Ang issues, off to the bottom left, which are taken from MPC's own figures, split between their 54mm and 70mm sculpts.
 
Also, the pair between the first two rows are the 54mm, soft polyethylene fakes, and marked Hong Kong, under domed bases, one pretending to be an LB original, even down to the paint, the white one being from the Shimmel blister-carded Flash Gordon sets. The four more obvious rows are;
  • 50mm, soft polyethylene, various colours, unpainted
  • 23mm, soft polyethylene, various colours, unpainted
  • 50mm painted & 25mm unpainted, both polyethylene soft plastic
  •  25mm hard polystyrene, brushed-aluminium finish

There's a more blobby, silver/gunmetal one below that last row, of unknown origin, and an unpainted figure above the MPC group. What sets that last row apart from the other LB output, is that they are unmarked, as are all the MPC mini-clones, but, a lot of the Tri-Ang supplied ones were marked. However, the late Nylon/'Propylene 54mm ones, still in bakers and cookshops in the 2000's, were also unmarked, so a late thing, or a Culpitt (or similar) takeover thing?

We have since (recently) added 45mm copies in at least two plastics, so both sets of previous overviews (and these originals) will need to be superseded by a new round of posts, in a year or two!

 
One of the sources of the - at least four types of - sucker figure, are to be seen on these gum-ball sample cards, from 'Liberty', and, at 25¢, not that long ago? Also of interest are hard plastic 'vitrine' animals at the tops of the cards, micro-mini dinosaurs and sports 'monsters', both probably of a PVC-alike material.
 

While the whole bunch appear to be available here, as Star Warriors, on an unbranded, generic card, I think we've seen better images of them close-up before now, but these cards carry their own nostalgia! And we have all six robots and two poses of the Astro-Spacemen.
 
And, thanks again for Keith's kicking off this deep dive! Best rack toys ever . . . in the moment!

Thursday, November 20, 2025

N is for Not a Follow-up!

As a sort of [pretty tenuous] follow-up to the last post, and the mention of Crong, I'm posting something which was already in the queue, but isn't coming in the order I'd like it to, and doesn't tell all the story, but hopefully still of some use to some Loyal Readers!
 

Donated by a friend of the blog who prefers not to be named, but occasionally comes up with little treasures, Battle Knights by Feva UK, is one of the more recent iterations of a carpet 'wargame', commonly known as Crossbows and Catapults (Tomy, Base Toys, Action GT, Zatu, et al), but also having iterations as Weapons & Warriors (Pressman), and Battground (Moose), which has been around since the 1980's.
 
The originals have produced several generations of two figures, a small squat fantasy figure (Doomlords of Gulch) in a putty-coloured polymer, and a sort of Hollywood Viking/Barbarian type (the Impalers of the Clannic Shelf), in various shades of brown or ginger, which we have seen, in various mixed/plunder/donation posts over the years, but which I haven't posted-on, formally, yet as my main sample has always been in storage.
 
The Pressman version changed the dynamic slightly, with press-pads instead of loose walls, and other innovations have tried to make it more fun or keep it relevant to new generations of electronically-distracted kids, here it's spring-loading. Pressman also changed the figures, to medieval types (Castle Storm), along with a pirate version (Pirate Clash), both also seen here, in past mixed-lots/shots. 
 
This Feva version adds mounted figures, and they are the unknown figures from the Crong post (the tentative link being used here!), although this set has green bases. The foot figures are scale-downs of the Pressman set, and I now think they are all Games Workshop knock-offs?
 
 Other useful bits!
A couple of banner-flags (or pennants?) missing 
 
Could be useful, but would need work to hide the nature of the balls or discs all these sets fire at each other, the oversized culverin for instance has quite an Elastolin look to it . . . fill in the hole and give it an antiquing, with washes and dry-brushing?

These turn-up in every junk-lot on evilBay, the Supreme medieval knock-off's from several brands have versions of them, and there have been large bow-like ballistas and larger cannon, but they'd all need a lot of effort to get realistic-looking.
 
As a Brucey Bonus, these are the Moose Toys figures from the other more recent iteration, Battleground Crossbows & Catapults, and were also a donation, I think from Graham Apperley, but hidden in a PW plunder-post a few years ago.
 
Smaller at around 25mm (the Feva are 30'ish, the older sets closer to 35 (C&C) or 40mm (W&W)) and a soft PVC, against Crossbows' polyethylene/propylenes and Weapons' polystyrene. It's quite a franchise, with many US and foreign-language/foreign-market sets, and worth a proper study, which will appear here one day!

Sunday, September 14, 2025

3D is for Other Blogs, Really!

Or why I stopped worrying and learned to love tolerate the polymer printer!
 
Donation!
Many Thanks to Tom Clague
('Tomholio' around the Internet) 
 
Many years ago, although it seems like yesterday, I just don't know where it goes? And, it goes there quicker every year, but many years ago, 2007/2008, on the HäT forum, which was a very different beast then, it has since been heavily bot-edited by 'H' for perfectly understandable reasons, no criticism, and moved home/platform a couple of times, and is now a more corporate or pro-brand site, but many years ago we used to have a lot of fun on there, sometimes it would degenerate into silliness, other times the less humorous' would take offence, often about something which wasn't actually aimed at them, but there you go, all humour requires a certain level of grey-cells, some more than others, but many years ago, the Brit's, Antipodeans and some of the Canucks/Yanks would have some real fun . . . but we also had some more serious discussions, and many years ago, we had a thread on 3D Printing!
 
Straight out of the printer. 
 
At that time, the first commercial machines were just becoming something a semi-affluent Western hobbyist, within the 10%, globally, could look at affording, and a lot of potential was held by the nascent technology, or series of technologies, as there are various methods employed in Deposition-Modellingor Rapid Prototyping (which includes CAD/CAM and CNC)*, as 3D printing is known to those at the cutting-edge of the Industry.
 
*Computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacture, computer numerical control['ed machining].
 
When cats'll fly!

I was quite hopeful at the time, but also pointed out that it might end the toy soldier industry as we then knew it, however, and thankfully, time has shown I was wrong on that one, and despite many friends, acquaintances and fellow-Blogger's having 3D machines of their own, or using the bespoke print-on-demand sellers around the place, most of the then new names in the hobby are still going, including HäT Indusrie!
 
This one's got no name!
 
The other criticism I had, or shared with others in that conversation (long since deleted by the forum-police 'bots), was that it would cheapen the concept of figure collecting, by making anything and everything available to anybody (who could afford it) in any scale, at any time, and that has come true!
 
Is there a doctor in the house?
 
Anyone, with the necessary skills, software, or scanner, or a useful mate so equipped, can scan any figure ever made, or design any figure you can dream of, in your wildest imagination, manipulate the file in an infinite number of ways, and print the results in increments of any scale from a couple of millimetres to whatever size you floor, drive or yard can sustain, without damage!
 
Airfix knock-off, and with naked girlfriend!
 
And that printing can be via simple filament feed, liquid or powder sintering, or deposition of layers, or that was the situation when we were having that conversation, with the new, affordable 'home PC' machines mostly being the filament type, now known as Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), it's probably still the commonest form of home printing. And is also the technology in the rather very disappointing pen I looked at, here.

He used to drive the Millennium Falcon, you know?
But not in these threads!
HO/OO (left), 25mm (right)
 
Increasingly sintering is becoming affordable for the home printing enthusiast, and you can 'sinter' powder or liquid polymer, and metal (now called fusion), they alll have their own jargon! Vat Polymerisation (VP, for liquids) or Powder Bed Fusion (PBF, for powders!), with VP broken down into Stereolithography (SLA, usually using lasers) and Digital Light Processing (DLP), with fusion further divided into
 
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS - for plastics), and Selective Laser Melting (SLM) or Electron Beam Melting (EBM) for metals, these can be called Directed Energy Deposition too, althogh technically that's a sub-type with at least six systems!
 
HO/OO Turkey - incredible levels of detail.
 
Other systems are Material Jetting (deposited droplets of photo-polymer material, are then cured by UV light, we looked at a simple version of it, here), Binder Jetting (A print head deposits a liquid binding agent onto a bed of powder material, layer-by-layer, to hold the powder together, developed many years ago by the movie industry for scenic backgrounds, I believe?), and Sheet Lamination, where, thin sheets of material are bonded together and cut to form layers/shapes.
 
 ♪♪♫ She wants to break free!
She wants to break free from your liesYou're so self-satisfiedShe don't neehee'eed you
She's got to break freehee'ee!
God knows!
God knows She wants to break free! ♫♪♫
 
And all the above, is only simplified, for modellers and wargamers! There are more than ten forms of Vat Polymerisation, eight types of Powder Bed Fusion . . . µSLA anyone?That's Microscopic Stereolithography, to you, Sir!
 
Anatomically correct nudes above,
Brazilian Turkish surgeon's 'skills' on display below!
 
And if you can afford a metal fusion printer, you can make yourself an indestructible copy of the Hong Kong/Laramie jungle superhero The Phantom, in a material designed to withstand the strains of motor-racing engines, aerospace components, or satellite thrusters! While meat (pork, beef and fish), replacement skin (also meat!) and concrete are all being successfully 3D printed.
 
The names are Bond, Roger and Shaun!
 
But, another criticism, at the hobby end, a lot of the stuff is manufactured from low-grade polymers, deliberately biodegradable polymers, or polymers with unknown long-term properties! And, a secondary aim of this post, is to explain why I don't really post 3D printing, won't often, and chose not too, back at the start of the blog, really.
 
Aping around, monkeying about!!
 
It's not snobbery or superciliousness, but that the infinite parameters, of scale, pose and subject, along with the possibility that your downloaded figure, posted from South Korea might disintegrate in six months, along with my lack of knowledge of the subject despite following it pretty closely, and - while I was doing 3D CAD - with some interest, just means I'd rather concentrate on existing vintage, and modern new production.
 
"Sonta-haa! Sonta-haa!"

There are two people who do post a fair bit now, Shaun, over at Fantasy Toy Soldiers, has posted some exquisite figurines in the larger scales, which would be a joy to paint, and Russ over at Plastic Toy Soldiers has started posting the odd 'Combat' 3D prints. It's not that I won't post 3D printed figures, I will, from time to time, I have one or two, I think, but I'm not going to collect them, there aren't enough hours left in the universe to get them all!
 
♫♫♪ "We're only passenger, we wanna' get off" ♫♪♪♫
 
And, just in case you didn't get my attempts at humorous captions, here's what Tom said about this lovely little parcel from Down Under, with grateful thanks to him for this donation, and thanks to Adrian for receiving the parcel, while I'm stuck in Limbo! Tom posts some of his 3D prints on his blog;
 

". . . a bit of background: Often the 3D printers i've bought from will include a number of duplicates - ostensibly just to make use of the resin pool they load the printer with . . . in this bag, we have an assortment designed and printed from various places around the world.

Sontarans Designer Wayne Peters has a number of excellent free Doctor Who files on cults3d.com. I downloaded these boys, and had an Australian printer make me a 1/76 set - she kindly included these larger prints. 
 
Movie stars in pink Ebay is awash with sellers from China who have a cornucopia of 1/64 scale figures - to go with Hot Wheels type cars. Along I came, and asked if they could print in 1/76 scale. This caused enormous confusion, and led to them sending figures of all shapes and sizes.
 
Doctor Who piracies Warning: the Tom Baker and Sylvester McCoy in your possession are wanted men, on the run from the law! These are indeed piracies of larger scale game pieces. I won't incriminate my source - instead, I'll quickly distract you with... 
 
Curvy ladies from Turkey, surprise surprise, what do middle-aged men want? Curvy ladies! Designer Phnix3d from Turkey obliges, with thousands of sculpts. His novelty is that he provides both a dressed and nude version of each pose. Model rail companies have done nudies before [I know, I have several of the 'naughty' Noch sets! Ed.] , but never to this quality (or ballooning imagination). The flipside is, he does a handful of male figures, who, dwarfed by their lady friends, frankly look a bit lost and embarrassed. The prints themselves have come all the way from the USA, where printer 'DoubleG Diecast' has these, and hundreds of other figures listed.
 
Planet of the apes, 2001; DoubleG also has these movie characters. As with the pink Chinese prints, I suspect the designs are scale downs from larger multi-part designs (copyright & intellectual property are not well respected concepts in the 3D printing world).
 
'Man who wants to break free', from Vietnam My model village could do with a good hoovering,Ii'll be setting Freddie loose once I've painted him.
 
. . . I've found it fascinating to keep an eye on 3d printing, asit'ss evolved from fairly naff filament types to incredible high-resolution resin machines now. Absent from this bag, I shared you the link to Smart Models UK previously; his are perhaps my favourite 3d printed model rail range, which he sells in neat little sets (alas with no duplicates), recommend . . .
 
. . . One to check out - I like both the style and the subject matter of his various figure sets: https://www.smartmodels.org/
 
2001 - The future was many years ago!
 
As a post scriptum, and given what I said about plastics, these came halfway-round the world in a jiffy bag, are all less than 30mm, and the only damage was a couple of bits of Sontaran, which will need glueing, along with Doctor the 7th's umbrella, Freddie's hoover and the wings of the flying Cat'sect. But Clint's cheroot and Connery's gun, survived whatever the international post can throw at a small parcel!

Thursday, September 11, 2025

O is for Once Upon a Time, in June! Miliflats AVF's

Google AI, is not happy, not only is it not happy, it tries to hide the frustration that's angered it, by bullshitting for England! Just because everyone's talking about AI, just because the stocks are high (Larry Ellison has just knocked Elon Fuckwit off the top spot of the who-can-solve-most-of-the-world's-problems-with-their-small-change-but-isn't-going-to list), don't for one moment think it's any better than it was when I was getting fuck-all useful, out of ChatGPT a while ago!
 
The question was - Miliflats Plastic Flat Military Vehicle Models?
 
The Answer was -
 
" "Miliflats" is not a known type of military vehicle or a widely recognized term in the context of military vehicles; however, it may be a misspelling or misunderstanding, as the results instead point to well-known manufacturers of military vehicle model kits, such as Trumpeter, Italeri, Takom, Airfix, Zvezda, and Revell. These companies produce scale model kits of various military vehicles, including tanks, trucks, armored personnel carriers, and more.
 
If you are looking for specific military vehicles, you may want to search for the types listed by these manufacturers, such as: 
  • Tanks: M1A2 Abrams, M4A3E8 Sherman Tank
  • Trucks: GAZ-66, Oshkosh JLTV, Airfix WWII British Army 30-cwt 4x2 GS Truck
  • Armored Vehicles: Sd.Kfz. 251/22 Pakwagen, M2A3 Bradley
  • Other: BAE Systems Amphibious Combat Vehicle, Universal Carrier Mk.I"
Absolute garbage, 'Takom'? BAESystems? Heeheehee! And - in fact - there ARE a few mentions of Miliflats on a couple of forums, but Google doesn't care, because with or without AI, Google is shit now, and it has been for quite a while! Anyway, the few mentions I could find were basically asking the same question and not getting much in response!
 
So, rather new to Blog and Internet, but shouldn't be new to Hobby, as they were advertised and reviewed in the modelling press when they were issued (1979/80/81'ish?), by Inkpen Art Productions (MIke Conniford), who also produced the independent rivals to the Bellona and Profile AFV drawings, for modellers, converters and scratch-builders in 1:76th, but I can't remember what they were called.
 
If I recall correctly, he made a few poured-resin, or whitemetal (?) solids - 3D models -  as 'Inkpen', which presumably didn't do that well, then announced Miliflats, the flat alternative to army building for war gamers. It's all in the archives, so it'll be right on the A-Z pages, if nobody puts us right here! But, for those looking, here at least is an illustrated guide to Miliflats Flats!
 
 *****     ****    ***   **  *  **   ***    ****     *****
 
Among my first acquisitions on the day (Plastic Warrior magazine's toy soldier show in June), because Adrian had kept them to one side for me, were these, and after the rant against the machine and potted-history (which may be inaccurate) above, I'll keep the blurb light!
 
Poorest image first, but I think this is a Canadian Ram Tank, and the only Canadian subject seen in this lot, which is probably not complete, but other than a Skink tracked AA vehicle (?) what other Canadian stuff might be there? There are a few CMP types further down under WWII/Commonwealth!
 
American subjects (there's another 6x6 further down!) include an M8 Armoured Car, what is probably a Studebaker 6x6 Truck and a Priest (which might be a defrocked British Sexton!).
 
The Germans get a Panther and a Kubelwagen!
 
Allied transport, I'll try not to make a fool of myself trying to ID these, but CMP type cab, front-left, while back-left may be a post war/Cold War Guy or AEC (Militant?), Bedford Q-something front-right, and back right is a mystery, I'd expect a Bedford O-bonnet, or a Diamond-T, not that stumpy thing . . . is it American, FWD? Gantry-crane I think, field-engineering!
 
Smaller soft-skins, mostly painted for the Western Desert, and two more possible Canadian patterns. Clockwise; Austin Ambulance, one of the Quad artillery tractor designs, Bedford MW and a question-mark!
 
Commonwealth Recce vehicles, with an AEC A/Car, a Home Guard 'Beverette' of some kind and something South African, I think?
 
Post-war Panhard is the only French subject?
 
While West Germany gets two Unimogs
but the British Berlin Brigade can have them too!
 
Instrument of Genocide
It fires down at women & children, farmers and olive-trees.
 
The Soviets get three - BTR60, or 60BP, the tank may be the T72, or relatively unsuccessful T80? While the other one is a BTR-50 variant, I think?
 
Bedford MK's, office, GS and GS with water bowser.
The bowser tanks weren't painted and should be all-over black.
 
The earlier Bedford RL's, from the front Wreaker/Tow Truck, Office, Radio-shack, GS, GS with trailer and GS with water bowser.
 
US, Cold War, M151 'Mutt' at the front, M113 APCs in the middle, GS, M106 Mortar Carrier and M577 Command Post, with a truck behind which could be one of several WWII or post war 'Duce-and-a-half' trucks, I have no idea which, but suspect it should be up with the WWII stuff as a GMC or Chevrolet?
 
The models are a simple sheet of poured-resin, probably pulled/smoothed into a rubber mould, the resin seems to be undercoated a basic charcoal colour, and military paint is then applied to the sculptural side. Most of the labels have fallen off, as the glue dries out, and while some are obvious, and others have catalogue codes, some, like this one are more cryptic!
 
Land Rovers, Series 3 LWB's; ambulance, GS soft-top and hard-top and Lightwieght's, soft and hard, with and without trailers. several models were broken, but this was the only one I couldn't encourage to stand up, and the Bedford RL pick-up truck, was being held-together with saliva!
 
Seems to be an early Challenger (or Shir I/II?) and BARV
 
Missing are Spartan APC, Scorpion and Scimitar CVR-T's, which should leave . . . anti-clockwise - Samaritan ambulance, Striker ATGW's, Samson (recovery/engineering) and Sultan (command)?
 
Clockwise from front-right - Saracen, Humber 'Pig', Ferret, turreted Ferret and Fox
 
This is interesting, as I think it's a short-lived gap-filler between the Bedford MK's and today's 'NATO' MAN trucks, and could be a militarised late Bedford, Iveco or LDV? Answers on a postcard - or in the comments!
 
Like the people looking for info' on the forums, I had been after these for years, even decades, and it's nice to now have such an eclectic sample, many thanks to Adrian Little for thinking of me when he saw them.
 
And the real annoyance - in a few years time, maybe in only months, despite my keeping the text down, Google AI will have a full, and reasonably accurate answer to the original question, without crediting me or the Blog, or paying for the lifted data. If anyone happens to have a bookmarked site with decent info' on these, let us know, and I'll put the links here.